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Chlorine byproducts linked to increased cancer risk. Below are US cities ranked by their measured Haloacetic Acids levels compared to EPA limits. Higher percentages indicate greater concern.
Vulnerable Populations: Like THMs, pregnant women should minimize exposure. Research on reproductive effects is ongoing.
Ranked by percentage of the EPA limit, using one real EPA measurement per water system (2012–2019 (SYR4)). Click any city for its full report.
Historical data. Figure shown is the average of the system's 2012–2019 finished-water compliance samples (EPA Six-Year Review 4), non-detects counted as zero. Treat as history, not today's tap water.
| Rank | City | State | Level | Period | EPA Limit | % of Limit | Status | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Ketchikan | Alaska | 74.85 ppbAverage of 74 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 124.8% | Exceeds Limit | 8,937 |
| #2 | Deerfield Beach | Florida | 50.00 ppbAverage of 179 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 83.3% | Elevated | 62,000 |
| #3 | Topeka | Kansas | 48.25 ppbAverage of 252 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 80.4% | Elevated | 125,963 |
| #4 | Danville | Kentucky | 44.28 ppbAverage of 129 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 73.8% | Elevated | 32,600 |
| #5 | Springfield | Massachusetts | 43.79 ppbAverage of 328 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 73.0% | Elevated | 169,170 |
| #6 | Steamboat Springs | Colorado | 42.66 ppbAverage of 50 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 71.1% | Elevated | 9,950 |
| #7 | Thibodaux | Louisiana | 42.14 ppbAverage of 144 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 70.2% | Elevated | 14,862 |
| #8 | Natchitoches | Louisiana | 41.62 ppbAverage of 140 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 69.4% | Elevated | 27,693 |
| #9 | Bloomington | Indiana | 40.62 ppbAverage of 345 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 67.7% | Elevated | 83,000 |
| #10 | New Bedford | Massachusetts | 40.56 ppbAverage of 214 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 67.6% | Elevated | 101,079 |
| #11 | Baltimore | Maryland | 40.29 ppbAverage of 739 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 67.1% | Elevated | 1,600,000 |
| #12 | Frederick | Maryland | 40.20 ppbAverage of 270 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 67.0% | Elevated | 54,000 |
| #13 | Hopkinsville | Kentucky | 40.19 ppbAverage of 129 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 67.0% | Elevated | 41,350 |
| #14 | Bardstown | Kentucky | 40.03 ppbAverage of 131 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 66.7% | Elevated | 31,185 |
| #15 | Waterbury | Connecticut | 39.93 ppbAverage of 252 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 66.6% | Elevated | 107,271 |
| #16 | Winchester | Kentucky | 39.67 ppbAverage of 128 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 66.1% | Elevated | 29,823 |
| #17 | Colorado Springs | Colorado | 38.55 ppbAverage of 393 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 64.2% | Elevated | 464,111 |
| #18 | Russellville | Arkansas | 38.32 ppbAverage of 125 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 63.9% | Elevated | 29,260 |
| #19 | Indianapolis | Indiana | 38.07 ppbAverage of 520 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 63.4% | Elevated | 880,345 |
| #20 | Frankfort | Kentucky | 37.58 ppbAverage of 245 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 62.6% | Elevated | 52,153 |
| #21 | New York | New York | 37.43 ppbAverage of 642 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 62.4% | Elevated | 8,271,000 |
| #22 | Rock Island | Illinois | 37.22 ppbAverage of 128 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 62.0% | Elevated | 39,018 |
| #23 | Nicholasville | Kentucky | 37.14 ppbAverage of 130 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 61.9% | Elevated | 35,266 |
| #24 | Madisonville | Kentucky | 36.99 ppbAverage of 127 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 61.7% | Elevated | 28,102 |
| #25 | Holyoke | Massachusetts | 36.98 ppbAverage of 124 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 61.6% | Elevated | 37,838 |
| #26 | Bowling Green | Kentucky | 36.63 ppbAverage of 243 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 61.1% | Elevated | 53,601 |
| #27 | Greensboro | North Carolina | 36.54 ppbAverage of 405 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 60.9% | Elevated | 319,588 |
| #28 | Elizabethtown | Kentucky | 36.35 ppbAverage of 208 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 60.6% | Elevated | 76,326 |
| #29 | Winter Haven | Florida | 36.13 ppbAverage of 177 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 60.2% | Elevated | 87,537 |
| #30 | Brunswick | Maine | 36.11 ppbAverage of 125 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 60.2% | Elevated | 18,863 |
| #31 | Shelton | Connecticut | 36.00 ppbAverage of 384 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 60.0% | Elevated | 351,756 |
| #32 | Leominster | Massachusetts | 36.01 ppbAverage of 229 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 60.0% | Elevated | 41,683 |
| #33 | Auburn | Alabama | 35.87 ppbAverage of 281 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 59.8% | Elevated | 74,292 |
| #34 | Columbia | Maryland | 35.27 ppbAverage of 253 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 58.8% | Elevated | 286,158 |
| #35 | New Haven | Connecticut | 35.12 ppbAverage of 400 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 58.5% | Elevated | 418,900 |
| #36 | Richmond | Kentucky | 35.04 ppbAverage of 28 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 58.4% | Elevated | 35,640 |
| #37 | Laurel | Maryland | 34.77 ppbAverage of 2079 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 58.0% | Elevated | 1,900,000 |
| #38 | Kissimmee | Florida | 34.80 ppbAverage of 179 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 58.0% | Elevated | 110,102 |
| #39 | Palo Alto | California | 34.81 ppbAverage of 248 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 58.0% | Elevated | 67,231 |
| #40 | Redwood City | California | 34.61 ppbAverage of 248 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 57.7% | Elevated | 92,819 |
| #41 | Sebring | Florida | 34.53 ppbAverage of 149 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 57.6% | Elevated | 46,295 |
| #42 | Pembroke Pines | Florida | 34.45 ppbAverage of 138 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 57.4% | Elevated | 187,459 |
| #43 | Ashland | Kentucky | 34.46 ppbAverage of 134 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 57.4% | Elevated | 44,402 |
| #44 | North Lauderdale | Florida | 34.39 ppbAverage of 164 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 57.3% | Elevated | 35,709 |
| #45 | Salem | Oregon | 34.19 ppbAverage of 258 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 57.0% | Elevated | 199,820 |
| #46 | Shelbyville | Kentucky | 34.17 ppbAverage of 155 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 57.0% | Elevated | 23,760 |
| #47 | Bel Air | Maryland | 34.17 ppbAverage of 127 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 56.9% | Elevated | 13,200 |
| #48 | Boulder | Colorado | 34.02 ppbAverage of 376 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 56.7% | Elevated | 166,080 |
| #49 | Chicopee | Massachusetts | 33.98 ppbAverage of 244 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 56.6% | Elevated | 55,560 |
| #50 | San Mateo | California | 33.93 ppbAverage of 257 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 56.5% | Elevated | 102,348 |
| #51 | Kodiak | Alaska | 33.88 ppbAverage of 31 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 56.5% | Elevated | 9,547 |
| #52 | Lexington | Kentucky | 33.10 ppbAverage of 417 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 55.2% | Elevated | 669,042 |
| #53 | Stamford | Connecticut | 33.02 ppbAverage of 254 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 55.0% | Elevated | 119,214 |
| #54 | Northport | Alabama | 32.87 ppbAverage of 160 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 54.8% | Elevated | 40,551 |
| #55 | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 32.83 ppbAverage of 1557 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 54.7% | Elevated | 1,600,000 |
| #56 | Norwich | Connecticut | 32.56 ppbAverage of 233 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 54.3% | Elevated | 36,163 |
| #57 | Apopka | Florida | 32.53 ppbAverage of 133 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 54.2% | Elevated | 71,917 |
| #58 | Paducah | Kentucky | 32.44 ppbAverage of 259 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 54.1% | Elevated | 65,004 |
| #59 | Glasgow | Kentucky | 32.42 ppbAverage of 156 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 54.0% | Elevated | 36,766 |
| #60 | Nashville | Tennessee | 31.90 ppbAverage of 288 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 53.2% | Elevated | 778,153 |
| #61 | Miami Beach | Florida | 31.88 ppbAverage of 70 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 53.1% | Elevated | 100,000 |
| #62 | Seattle | Washington | 31.80 ppbAverage of 367 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 53.0% | Elevated | 1,161,961 |
| #63 | Pittsfield | Massachusetts | 31.79 ppbAverage of 159 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 53.0% | Elevated | 43,927 |
| #64 | Akron | Ohio | 31.62 ppbAverage of 396 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 52.7% | Elevated | 280,000 |
| #65 | Bella Vista | Arkansas | 31.56 ppbAverage of 140 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 52.6% | Elevated | 39,419 |
| #66 | Henderson | Kentucky | 31.55 ppbAverage of 135 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 52.6% | Elevated | 31,705 |
| #67 | Santa Cruz | California | 31.50 ppbAverage of 458 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 52.5% | Elevated | 94,626 |
| #68 | Texarkana | Arkansas | 31.23 ppbAverage of 124 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 52.0% | Elevated | 50,815 |
| #69 | Yonkers | New York | 31.10 ppbAverage of 249 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.8% | Elevated | 211,569 |
| #70 | Fountain | Colorado | 30.96 ppbAverage of 133 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.6% | Elevated | 25,130 |
| #71 | Salt Lake City | Utah | 30.93 ppbAverage of 333 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.5% | Elevated | 383,612 |
| #72 | Casselberry | Florida | 30.84 ppbAverage of 126 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.4% | Elevated | 54,747 |
| #73 | Salina | Kansas | 30.86 ppbAverage of 128 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.4% | Elevated | 46,481 |
| #74 | Westminster | Maryland | 30.76 ppbAverage of 128 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.3% | Elevated | 35,256 |
| #75 | Columbus | Ohio | 30.70 ppbAverage of 512 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.2% | Elevated | 1,305,946 |
| #76 | Presque Isle | Maine | 30.74 ppbAverage of 86 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.2% | Elevated | 6,128 |
| #77 | Oakland Park | Florida | 30.66 ppbAverage of 113 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 51.1% | Elevated | 38,905 |
| #78 | Opelika | Alabama | 30.46 ppbAverage of 364 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 50.8% | Elevated | 56,520 |
| #79 | Fitchburg | Massachusetts | 30.40 ppbAverage of 222 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 50.7% | Elevated | 41,946 |
| #80 | North Port | Florida | 30.18 ppbAverage of 130 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 50.3% | Elevated | 61,163 |
| #81 | Lauderhill | Florida | 30.12 ppbAverage of 129 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 50.2% | Elevated | 55,000 |
| #82 | Wilmington | Delaware | 30.01 ppbAverage of 242 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 50.0% | Elevated | 107,976 |
| #83 | Daytona Beach | Florida | 29.98 ppbAverage of 120 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 50.0% | Elevated | 87,534 |
| #84 | Monroe | Louisiana | 29.91 ppbAverage of 464 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.8% | Within Limit | 57,000 |
| #85 | Georgetown | Kentucky | 29.85 ppbAverage of 125 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.7% | Within Limit | 44,608 |
| #86 | Chalmette | Louisiana | 29.74 ppbAverage of 128 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.6% | Within Limit | 44,783 |
| #87 | Torrington | Connecticut | 29.69 ppbAverage of 162 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.5% | Within Limit | 37,915 |
| #88 | Hialeah | Florida | 29.62 ppbAverage of 298 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.4% | Within Limit | 238,000 |
| #89 | North Miami | Florida | 29.62 ppbAverage of 131 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.4% | Within Limit | 89,349 |
| #90 | Prichard | Alabama | 29.65 ppbAverage of 120 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.4% | Within Limit | 29,190 |
| #91 | Cumberland | Maryland | 29.66 ppbAverage of 135 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.4% | Within Limit | 27,039 |
| #92 | Portland | Oregon | 29.57 ppbAverage of 356 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.3% | Within Limit | 666,200 |
| #93 | Sarasota | Florida | 29.56 ppbAverage of 250 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.3% | Within Limit | 272,267 |
| #94 | Durham | North Carolina | 29.52 ppbAverage of 347 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.2% | Within Limit | 333,490 |
| #95 | Mountain View | California | 29.38 ppbAverage of 252 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 49.0% | Within Limit | 81,501 |
| #96 | Arvada | Colorado | 29.33 ppbAverage of 288 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 48.9% | Within Limit | 171,610 |
| #97 | Winston-Salem | North Carolina | 29.19 ppbAverage of 384 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 48.7% | Within Limit | 391,900 |
| #98 | Shreveport | Louisiana | 29.20 ppbAverage of 262 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 48.7% | Within Limit | 192,378 |
| #99 | Erie | Colorado | 29.14 ppbAverage of 128 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 48.6% | Within Limit | 47,444 |
| #100 | Bentonville | Arkansas | 29.06 ppbAverage of 112 samples | 2012–2019 | 60.00 ppb | 48.4% | Within Limit | 51,250 |
Effective for HAA reduction. Granular activated carbon or carbon block.
Good removal with carbon pre-treatment.
Membrane filtration can reduce HAAs.
HAA5 refers to five haloacetic acids regulated by EPA: monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid.
Both are disinfection byproducts, but HAAs are not volatile like THMs, so inhalation during showering is not a concern. Drinking water is the main exposure route.
Yes. Activated carbon filters effectively remove HAAs from drinking water. Point-of-use filters at the kitchen tap are sufficient.