High Risk

Chromium-6 in Drinking Water

Hexavalent chromium (Chromium-6), made famous by Erin Brockovich, is a carcinogenic heavy metal from industrial pollution and natural deposits. Found in water supplies nationwide.

What is Chromium-6?

Hexavalent chromium (Chromium-6 or Cr-6) is a toxic form of chromium used in industrial processes including steel manufacturing, chrome plating, and leather tanning. Unlike safer trivalent chromium (Chromium-3), Chromium-6 is highly toxic and carcinogenic.

Erin Brockovich Case: Hinkley, California case exposed widespread Chromium-6 contamination from Pacific Gas & Electric, causing cancer cluster. Brought national attention to this contaminant.

Health Effects

  • • Stomach and intestinal cancer
  • • Lung cancer (when inhaled as dust)
  • • Liver and kidney damage
  • • Allergic skin reactions
  • • Respiratory problems
  • • Reproductive toxicity

California EPA found 0.02 ppb causes 1-in-1-million cancer risk. EWG study detected Chromium-6 in water supplies serving 250+ million Americans.

EPA & State Limits

EPA MCL (Total Chromium)
100 ppb

EPA regulates total chromium, not specifically toxic Chromium-6. Health advocates argue this is inadequate.

California Public Health Goal (Chromium-6 only)
0.02 ppb

Based on 1-in-1-million cancer risk. Much stricter than federal standard.

Sources & Affected Regions

How It Gets Into Water

  • • Steel and pulp mill discharge
  • • Chrome plating facilities
  • • Leather tanning operations
  • • Natural erosion of chromium deposits
  • • Cooling towers and industrial processes

High-Risk Areas

  • • California (widespread detection)
  • • Industrial areas with steel mills
  • • Near leather tanning facilities
  • • Areas with chromium-rich geology
  • • Phoenix, AZ metro area

Testing & Removal

Testing

Request specific Chromium-6 testing (not just total chromium). Cost: $50-150 for EPA-certified lab.

Removal Methods

1. Reverse Osmosis - 95-98% reduction

Most effective home treatment

2. Ion Exchange - 90-95% reduction

Effective with proper regeneration

3. Distillation - 98%+ reduction

Very effective but slow

Note: Standard carbon filters do NOT remove chromium-6 unless specifically certified.

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